University Press of Florida. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. Having had no prior experience in the salt industry, the Flagler & York company flopped and Henry lost around $100,000 ($100K in 1865 is nearly $2 million in 2022). Generally, we are not often able to share specifics about the man himself. Henry is also best known as, Entrepreneur best known as the founder of Standard Oil and for helping to develop what came to be known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. Graham, Thomas and Leslee F. Keys. Mary was born in Ohio in 1833. After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. There, they were both given work by Lamon Harkness, who was the brother of Dan's late father. We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Mary and Henry's first child was Jennie Louise (born March 1855), then Carrie (born June 1858 and named after Henry Flagler's older half-sister, Caroline), then finally, Harry Flagler (born December 1870). A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. . [7] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. When he was a toddler, his two older half-sisters moved to New York to live with family, and Caroline ('Carrie') and Dan were Henry's constant companions. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. Who was Henry Flagler? Showing 1-6 of 6. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). They had two daughters, Jennie Louise and Carrie. In 1877, Flagler and his family moved to New York City, which was becoming the center of commerce in the U.S.. Those first two seasons during which Flagler hosted an innumerable amount of parties, electric light displays, and opulent dinners (all of which were accompanied by music from the best musicians of the time) were met with eager approval by guests and the press. Henry Flagler is a famous Entrepreneurwho has a net worth of $60 Million. [16] The railroad, seeing Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields, struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was a United States tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and Rockefeller partner in Standard Oil. This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. Estate All the things he owned. However, this building's history is tragic and short. [12], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Thus began an era of Flagler's life that he never spoke about to the press one of scrimping and scraping. Last Train to Paradise: Henry Flagler and the Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Railroad that Crossed an Ocean (Paperback) by. For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. According to historian David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler is believed to either have bought a deferment in 1862 or provided the government supplies instead of service. First A Little On Henry Flagler. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Two years after her death, he married her nurse, Ida Alice Shourds. 1-17. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. At age 23, Flagler married the daughter of the owner, Mary Harkness (Wright . I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not, but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. Hello students! I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. The Hotel Alcazar is now the location of St. Augustine City Hall and the Lightner Museum, and the Casa Monica Hotel is still in business to this day. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. However, many other officials were wary of Henry Flagler. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. She married Frederick L. Tuttle 1867-1886), and they had two children, Frances Emeline 1868 and Henry 1870. [26], Its vast American empire included 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipeline, 5,000 tank cars, and over 100,000 employees. Racked with bronchitis and unable to do much for herself, Mary joined Henry in the Buckingham Hotel. Municipal, State, and Federal government officials questioned how many limits they should place on these "Captains of Industry." Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither the company or its employees were ever convicted in court. Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. [34] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. MLA: VisitStAugustine.com. (To get a first-hand account of the journey from New York to St. Augustine, visit our page on Constance Fenimore Woolson's article "The Ancient City In Two Parts," which was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1874.). Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. Chandler, David Leon. Last (and perhaps most importantly), the truth is a hard thing to garner when it comes to what happened in the past even harder than it is today. Perhaps because of the economic success that Flagler's industries had delivered to the state or perhaps because of direct funding being delivered to individual senators, Flagler was able to convince the legislature to pass a little bill for him in April of 1901. As fate would have it, Henry had been invited to work at a general store by a family . "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." Henry Flagler didn't leave the sanitarium wanting, however, as Alice's estate (to which only her Flagler-hired guardians had direct access) was full of Standard Oil stocks. He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida. As you go through the . There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. Les Standiford (Goodreads Author) (shelved 3 times as henry-flagler) avg rating 4.08 3,518 ratings published 2002. Commander John Flagler, USN. Flagler's son dropped out of school and failed to follow his father into business, causing a lifelong rift between the two men. After the death of Flagler's eldest daughter he made it his goal to create the magnificent sanctuary. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. His attention was consumed by the business of his hotel chains and expanding railroad empire. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. [36] The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. They were rightfully concerned about allowing a wildly wealthy individual to have that much control over the public works of St. Augustine. "[56], A congressional investigation in 1909 concluded that "there had been little immigrant peonage in the South and none in the [railway camps] camps in the Keys. During this trip, they went to St. Augustine and the city intrigued Flagler. [41] The history of American oil refining begins with Flagler and Rockefeller, as they built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. Control of the Flagler fortune largely passed into the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family of sisters and brother, who survived into the 1960s. Mendez, Jesus. [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (18331884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. Researching those perspectives is like playing the telephone game with the dead; something is bound to get confused.). The Early Years of The Ponce de Leon: Clippings from an Old Scrap Book of those days. By the end of this field trip, we hope will you have an understanding of who Henry Flagler was, and the great impact he had on the state of Florida! The swamplands south of Savannah were thought of as a dangerous land of rugged enchantment where alligators lurked in the shadows and strange miasme was thought to carry diseases like yellow fever through the damp air. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. Biography. Flagler renamed it the Hotel Cordova, after the street that it was on. [citation needed]. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. Ida Alice (ne Shourds) Flagler had been a caregiver for Mary. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. . [9], By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. Zacharra worked in England for several years before moving to Dutchess County, New York, in 1710. Cleveland became very well known for oil refining, as, "More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. One of the grain brokers His half-brother Daniel had left Hopewell to live and work with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who had a store in Republic, Ohio. Gainesville, FL. [41] Standard Oil's combined assets equalled approximately $42,882,650 (equivalent to $1.29billion in 2021[6]) in Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Second Marriage, Second Sojourn to St. Augustine After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. A Second Wife and a Second Career. [citation needed], Flagler and Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. "[55], Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and the rail extension to Key West. His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. He married his second wife, Miss Ida Shrouds, the daughter of a Philadelphia minister, in 1883. Sets with similar terms swee1122 Harry and Annie's daughter Jean Louise Flagler made Palm Beach a large part of her life. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. Henry had 3 siblings: Melacinda Flagler and 2 other siblings. July, 1975. pg. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. Dr. George G. Shelton, a graduate of New York's Homeopathic Medical College, was assisted by three nurses when Henry Flagler's daughter Jennie Louise Benedict died in 1889 following post-partum complications while journeying to visit her father on board the yacht Oneida headed to St. Augustine. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. She had been en route to St. Augustine from Charleston, South Carolina on the schooner Oneida. After two years of institutionalization and much assessment by the courts, Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was legally ruled incurably insane in 1899. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. "The Flagler Pavilion was built across the street at Edgewood for the Flaglers' daughter Elizabeth's 1927 wedding to J. Andrews Harris lll," said Millbrook Historian David Greenwood. Carrie died at the age of 3. The Zorayda's poured coquina and concrete structure, Spanish architecture, and lavish interior inspired Flagler, who actually tried to buy the building, but was denied. Whatever the case may be, Flagler focused on his family and his fortune during the years of 1861 to 1865. The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. When Mary contracted tuberculosis, at her doctor's recommendation they traveled . It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. 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